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In brief, the MSS is responsible for foreign intelligence, the Second Department of the PLA General Staff Headquarters for military intelligence, and the National Security Bureau of Ministry of Public Security for domestic stability. The MSS handles about 5,000 foreign intelligence cases per year, while the Second Department manages to increase its data integration and analysis capability by 30%. National Security Bureau achieved a 95% frequency coverage for its monitoring.
Ministry of State Security
The Ministry of State Security (MSS) is what mostly features in China’s intelligence landscape. Established in 1983 and under the State Council, it integrates counter-espionage and foreign intelligence collection as a state security agency. The department has approximately 20 bureau-level units, covering various fields of intelligence and counter-espionage at home and abroad, including technical reconnaissance, the establishment of overseas intelligence networks, economic espionage activities, and strategic analysis. A range of responsibilities included in MSS, from safeguarding national security to protecting economic and technological interests. Each year, the MSS successfully prevents hundreds of infiltration activities by foreign spy organizations.
The MSS primarily operates with a multi-layered network carrying out overseas intelligence tasks. Technology plays a vital role in the operational activities of MSS. The agency has sluiced into artificial intelligence and big data technologies in the last few years, pouring the dollars into them for intelligence gathering and analysis. A public report indicated that, with the setting of an intelligence analysis system, the processing speed became 40% faster while more than 2 million data entries are analyzed every second, increased operational efficiency. The MSS works very closely with local agencies to design plans against both internal and external threats. In a counter-terrorism operation, the MSS collaborated with local public security departments to disband a transnational terrorist organization within just 72 hours. It therefore shows the flexibility and efficiency of its command structure.
In spite of the official secrecy surrounding the operating mechanisms of the MSS, some public incidents have further exhibited its functions and impact. For example, the MSS has directly intervened to manage over 10 major crisis events for the overseas security, related to matters of the “Belt and Road Initiative”, in order to ensure smooth progress of these projects. Besides collection of intelligence, these operations would involve a lot of working closely with embassies and companies outside in protecting the country’s economic and strategic interests. Even though there is no full budget disclosure from the MSS, some studies put the budget at tens of billions of yuan per year, a sizeable portion of which goes to training specialized personnel. The agency has collaborated with more than ten domestic universities in producing specialists in intelligence analysis and technical research to produce thousands every year.
PLA General Staff Department Second Department
It is also known as the Directorate for Military Intelligence, the Second Department of the PLA General Staff Headquarters. This is the country’s most important military intelligence branch of the People’s Liberation Army. This department has various intelligence branches and executes over 300 international intelligence operations each year, including military strategy courses, analysis of battlefield conditions, and collection of high-technology information. Its operations are exhaustive and domestic in nature, with the main tasks being locating enemy battlefield deployment, weapon system parameter analysis, and the global strategic environment. The information is publicly available but made it clear that the Second Department acquired important data on fifth-generation aircraft from a country which has significantly advanced the new fighter jet development in China by about 20% shorter development cycles.
The cyber sector uses the Second Department to organize an exclusive cyberwarfare bureau for both defensive and offensive missions, showing that, according to a not monopoly secret security report, China is ranked in the top five worldwide regarding capabilities for cyber defense, with the Second Department accounting for 15% of this effort. In one of such cross-border hacking instances, the Second Department liaised with related departments to quickly locate and neutralize several attacks on the national data. The Second Department collaborates with multiple domestic and international universities and research institutions, training thousands of professional intelligence personnel annually. These personnel undergo rigorous selection processes, with language, analytical, and technical skills meeting international standards to ensure their effectiveness in handling complex intelligence tasks.
The Second Department has always played an important role in major historical events. During the China-India border confrontation, the department had the capability to carry out real-time intelligence analysis and drone reconnaissance to accurately forecast an opponent’s tactical maneuver and provided relevant inputs for the decision-making structure. That case emphasized the department’s proficiency in intelligence processing and technical prowess. Under the military-civil fusion, some of their missions are under taking cooperation with the domestic high technology enterprises. The Second Department thus has seen global operations as they send out hundreds of intelligence officers on international cooperation and learning exchanges every year. In this way, it not only strengthens its foothold in the international field of military intelligence but also gives China a greater strategic advantage overall.
Central Investigation Department
The Central Investigation Department (CID) has long – before the advent of glory days and events such as amalgamation in the Ministry of State Security in 1983-peaked among the key linchpins of China in the whole intelligence system with respect to external intelligence operations and strategic analysis. CID was created in 1955, and it functioned uninterrupted for about 27 years until it merged into the Ministry of State Security in 1983. So much has changed but the history and contributions remain family retained. The core roles of the Central Investigation Department included gathering foreign intelligence and strategic analyses-a function it played grandly during the Cold War. This cites that declassified documents show how the agency by the 1970s ingeniously acquired critical nuclear submarine technology intelligence from a certain country-all relating core parameters such as hull thickness and sonar configuration-to provide direct technical support for nuclear submarine development in China.
At its peak, the CID had a strength of nearly 10,000 personnel, with intelligence officers making up about 60%. These were stationed in various countries around the world, especially in the Cold War. During one overseas compilation mission in 1979, the department fielded over 300 intelligence officers and collected intelligence in various areas, including energy, military, and politics. Very heavy on human resource and technical means was its operation. The agency built a specialized encrypted communications network during the Cold War to maintain the security of intelligence transmissions.
Diversity and specialization have come to mark the personnel training mode in the Central Investigation Department. The department cooperated with several universities to train more than 500 students every year in various intelligence-related subject areas such as languages, technology, and international relations. Most training programs took about two-three years and were function-based programs for practical skills and technical knowledge. The financial operations of CID were very precise, with its budget nearing 1 billion at the close of the 1970s. Of that, over 70% went to expenditures for overseas intelligence activities and equipment upgrades.
Ministry of Public Security’s National Security Bureau
At the Ministry of Public Security, the National Security Bureau (Guoanbu) is the leading establishment in the country responsible for guaranteeing the domestic political security of the country. The main responsibilities of the Bureau include counter-espionage, counter-terrorism, national security protection, and handling foreign-associated security incidents. They essentially define core aspects in ensuring that national and foreign security threats are fulfilled; the Bureau processes more than 3,000 cases in a year relating to national security, covering political, economic, and social domains. The National Security Bureau has an organizational structure which spans central, provincial, municipal, and district levels, comprising over 300 branch offices throughout the country, almost achieving 100% coverage across the country itself. It provides a quick response to emergencies.
In the past few years, there is a goal so high that this department has been investing for it on video surveillance, voice recognition, and big data analysis. The “Sky Net” project in Beijing consists of more than 600,000 surveillance cameras, whose annual collection of image data is 10 petabytes (10,000 terabytes) in volume for real-time monitoring and reviewing analysis with case work. This system statistics show has reached an over 85% success rate in using it to solve cases. The National Security Bureau also has a strict informant network and a social monitoring system in its counter-espionage efforts. This has successfully caught several times foreign intelligence agencies penetrating into key domestic sectors for espionage purposes. The year 2019 saw the closure of an economic espionage case in which the suspects attempted to make away with some of the core parameters defining China’s new energy technology, with potential losses accruing to 2 billion yuan estimated.
The National Security Bureau is at the forefront of cybersecurity. It sorts through an annual pile of more than 5,000 critical cyberathacks on government departments, defense agencies, and critical infrastructure, as stated by the ‘China Internet Security Annual Report.’ For instance, in a case with an energy company, the National Security Bureau identified the attack’s source within 24 hours with the help of the relevant units, thus preventing economic damages worth billions of yuan. The bureau makes significant efforts at overseas security protection. As more and more Chinese enterprises and citizens go abroad, this cooperation has enabled the National Security Bureau, along with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Ministry of State Security, to successfully address about 500 overseas security incidents each year.
Academy of Military Sciences
It is leveled as the premier think tank and research institution of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army. Established in 1958, it undertakes core responsibilities in military strategy research, technological development, and intelligence analysis. The institution leads in-more-than 100 major research projects annually, covering fields such as national defense technology, strategic planning, and military theory innovation. One of the major nexuses, for example, between the national defense and an academy, is the technology advancement of national defense. A major project was completed from the time that it took a period of five years for completion, while the resources that were injected into this research activity surpassed the original investment of more than 5 billion yuan and involved several research teams and cross-disciplinary research.
In intelligence analysis, the academy combines traditional military methods of intelligence with big data technologies to improve awareness of the complexities within the battlefield. This technology has been a very important supporter to the decision-making process in real combat situations. The academy has registered milestones in unmanned warfare as well. The Academy of Military Sciences spearheaded the development of a drone swarm system that provides the capabilities to simultaneously control 100 drones to carry out reconnaissance and strike missions. On the international cooperation scale, the academy links with military research fields worldwide through academic exchanges and joint studies. Since 2015, the number of military research institutions outside China has increased to over thirty, resulting in the establishment of almost fifty international joint research achievements annually.
Research in military theory is yet another important task for the academy in military sciences. The institution publishes over 500 military theory monographs and papers annually, many of which have been referenced as significant theoretical references for China’s military strategy. For example, the book, Asymmetric Warfare and Technological Contest, elaborates on how China can achieve strategic breakthroughs on future battlefields through technological advantages. This text has been cited heavily in strategic discussions on national security. In terms of talent cultivation, the academy is known for its strict academic system and even higher research standards. About 200 outstanding scholars from within the country and abroad are selected every year to join the graduate training program, which, thus far, has a graduation rate of greater than 95 percent.
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