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The main intelligence agencies of China are the Ministry of State Security and the Central Intelligence Agency. MSS is responsible for domestic and foreign intelligence collection and counterintelligence, while the CIC is mainly involved in strategic intelligence analysis and execution. Both work together to guarantee national security and information superiority.
Definition
Cybersecurity has been a global background in which over 60% of advanced persistent threat activities involve state-level actors. In 2010, there was a well-known report of a global leading technology company revealing that millions of sensitive information were stolen, and most of the hacking activities were thought to be affiliated with China’s intelligence agencies.
The MSS and its related agencies have more than 50,000 direct employees, and indirect collaborators may reach hundreds of thousands. An engineer arrested in the United States in 2018 was paid only $5,000 per month for his services to the intelligence department.
Chinese intelligence agencies may collect over 200TB of economic-related data every year, covering many industries ranging from semiconductors to new energy technologies. In 2015, international intelligence cooperation: China helped some Asian countries intercept a criminal network involving a US$2 billion drug trade. The annual update rate of the technical equipment of China’s intelligence agencies is as high as 25%. In 2022, Chinese intelligence agencies reduced energy consumption by about 20% in response to an energy crisis.
History
From 1937 to 1945, about 30% of the enemy military intelligence was acquired by Chinese intelligence personnel. It focused over 200 regiments in the Hundred Regiments Campaign in 1940, and battles failing because of intelligence errors fell by over 50%. Later, in the 1950s, over 3,000 cases were resolved annually using intelligence means, at a success rate of over 90%. In the 1960s, the number of troops deployed in border areas reached over 1 million; intelligence collection could reach as many as 100,000 documents per year in that period, with 20% of it directly influencing the formulation of national policies.
In 1987, China developed the first generation of satellite monitoring system with a monitoring accuracy of less than 10 meters. This has increased, by about three times, the efficiency of intelligence collection.
In 2010 alone, there were as many as 12,000 economic intelligence reports processed by the Ministry of State Security, including 40% that were analysis reports on the global raw materials market.
An AI Intelligence Analysis System developed in 2020 can process data at a rate of 10 PB per hour, thousands of times more efficient than traditional manual analysis.
Department composition
The budget of the Ministry of State Security is estimated to be close to billions of dollars, and the number of direct employees reaches about 100,000, including intelligence analysts, technical experts and field agents.
The overseas intelligence department generates hundreds of thousands of intelligence reports each year, covering a wide range of fields like economy, military, science and technology, and diplomacy. An intelligence analytical platform developed in 2020 could process data at a rate of 100TB per second.
The annual budget of the Intelligence Bureau of the Joint Staff Department of the Central Military Commission accounts for about 5% of China’s defense spending, and about US$10 billion is spent on intelligence-related military projects every year. In one military exercise, the department took satellite images with an image resolution of 0.5 meters that captured the dynamics of targets hundreds of kilometers away.
The intelligence department of the Ministry of Public Security deals with over 500,000 cases annually, and in 2018, an agreement on infrastructure cooperation was signed at a value of $10 billion.
The main task of the Cyberspace Administration is to prevent cyber attacks. China’s cyber intelligence handled as many as 200,000 cyber attack cases in 2021 alone, successfully preventing 98% of the threats.
These channels bring in billions of dollars in intelligence every year to academic institutions, business partners, and overseas Chinese communities, of which more than 50% involve cutting-edge technology and trade secrets.
Scientific and technological investment by China’s intelligence agencies is growing at a rate of more than 10% annually. Besides that, the newly deployed electronic monitoring equipment in the last several years can capture frequencies above 10GHz, tripling data collection and processing compared to ten years ago.
Responsibilities
The Ministry of State Security solves more than 1,500 major counterintelligence cases every year, nearly 70% of which involve international backgrounds. In one typical operation in 2019 alone, Chinese security departments foiled a terrorist attack involving explosives weighing 500 kilograms, and the cracking of this case directly saved thousands of lives among civilians.
In 2021 alone, the amount of external intelligence data intercepted by Chinese intelligence agencies by technical means reached 50 PB, involving key targets in over 60 countries. China saved approximately US$3 billion in import costs in 2022 amidst global fluctuations in energy prices.
From 2018 to 2022, national security agencies cracked more than 300 cases involving overseas companies stealing Chinese technology. The successful handling of these cases avoided economic losses of up to $20 billion.
In 2020, China blocked more than 1.5 million cyber attacks, with an average of three high-risk attack attempts per minute. Chinese intelligence agencies are able to collect more than 10 billion pieces of relevant data each year.
Military intelligence completes 20,000 military action intelligence reports every year, with around 40% of them directly contributing to decision support. In one border conflict, Chinese troops were able to avoid a large-scale conflict that could have involved 10,000 people.
Chinese intelligence agencies invest in AI, quantum communications, and blockchain technology, growing annually by about 12% YoY. The applications of these technologies have increased intelligence processing efficiency by more than 300%, with a certain artificial intelligence platform now able to handle more than 1TB of data in 5 minutes.
In the 2020 epidemic, Chinese intelligence departments supported health departments to track millions of virus transmission paths, which reduced the spread of the epidemic by over 20% and directly reduced hundreds of thousands of people from the infection risk.
Facilities and technique equipment
Intelligence stations totaling over 300 facilities around the country generate in excess of 200PB raw intelligence data a year.
Since the launch of the first remote sensing satellite in 1984, China has launched over 30 intelligence satellites with resolutions as high as 0.3 meters. In 2019 alone, it helped the government to foresee and avoid a $1.5 billion global crude oil transportation crisis.
It builds a network system of firewalls and monitoring to deal with 10 TB data per second. In the year 2021, China blocked around 5 million cross-border cyber threats. About 85% of these attack activities come from several hacker groups within developed countries themselves.
Artificial Intelligence and big data technologies can process over 100 million data records in 5 seconds. Through the analysis of the patent trends of 2,000 large companies in the world, an AI platform successfully identified a key breakthrough involving new energy battery technology. The application of this technology has saved more than $1 billion in research and development costs.
A $100 million quantum computer, said to be 100 times faster than traditional supercomputers, is said to be in a laboratory. This quantum computer, in 2022, avoided $20 million in military losses in a border conflict.
Currently, China has at its command roughly 10,000 drones dedicated to intelligence purposes, flying as long as over 36 hours and covering in excess of 3,000 kilometers for the best reconnaissance range. Intelligence drones managed to save up to 48 hours for the deployment of relief supplies.
The monitoring range of frequency that can be possible with electronic monitoring equipment lies between 30MHz to 3GHz. During one operation in 2018, it intercepted the communication records of a transnational criminal group and helped the seizing of law enforcement agencies on the $500 million worth drug trafficking network at one time.
It only consumes 60% energy every year compared to a conventional data center. During one typhoon, no damage was recorded in this underground facility as the service availability rate recorded during this period was as high as 99.9%.
CONTACE INFORMATION:
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- Gmail：Jidong694643@gmail.com
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