Chinese intelligence agencies, including the MSS, MPS, and PLA intelligence, collaborate through formal coordination mechanisms like the Central National Security Commission. Inter-agency task forces integrate cyber and human intelligence, leveraging shared databases such as the National Public Security Big Data Platform. With over 200,000 MSS personnel and advanced surveillance infrastructure, they synchronize operations on counterintelligence, cybersecurity, and political stability under centralized leadership from the Communist Party’s Politburo.

How Departments Cooperate

The mistaken identification of a freight station in Xinjiang last November directly escalated geopolitical risks by an order of magnitude. At that time, Bellingcat’s verification matrix showed a confidence level drop of 22%, and the MSS technical team traced back using Docker images at three in the morning, discovering that an old dataset from 2019 had been mixed into an institute’s algorithm training set—this would have been disastrous for ordinary people, but inter-departmental cooperation indeed has its tricks. I once saw a record of a live encryption communication cracking scene where cyber security officers from the Ministry of Public Security and personnel from the General Staff Department’s Third Bureau squeezed into the same operations room, with MITRE ATT&CK T1557.001 attack characteristics updating in real-time on their monitors. The scene was like a hotpot restaurant kitchen: the Cybersecurity Bureau handled data cleaning (like slicing vegetables), the technical department extracted features (like cooking the broth), and finally, the MSS personnel presented the threat assessment (like plating up).
Collaboration Dimension Public Security System MSS System Conflict Threshold
Data Response Delay 8-15 minutes ≤3 minutes >20 minutes triggers circuit breaker
Metadata Verification MD5 Hash SHA-3+Timestamp Time zone deviation>±2 hours automatically deprecated
A classic case last summer involved a sudden spike in language model perplexity to 89ppl in a Telegram channel in a border province. The Cybersecurity Bureau completed three rounds of data collection within 20 minutes, finding timezone contradictions hidden in the EXIF metadata of the posting device—it displayed UTC+8 but carried fingerprints of Kazakhstan base stations. This situation required a special collaboration process:
  • The Third Bureau of the General Staff first locked down the satellite overflight timeline
  • The MSS initiated dark web traffic mirroring
  • Local public security went straight to physical surveillance teams
Combining these three sets of data into Mandiant Incident Report #2023-07891 revealed it was a post location fabricated by a separatist group using Kazakhstan’s Tor exit nodes. The most impressive operation during this process was when the MSS used civilian map platform street view car data, overlaying it with military satellite imagery for multi-spectral analysis—equivalent to using a supermarket barcode scanner to identify expired food, directly raising disguise recognition rates from 68% to 91%. Inter-departmental conflicts are most feared when data clashes occur. During a counter-terrorism exercise last year, there was an embarrassing incident: public security officers held base station positioning with an 86% confidence level, while the MSS argued based on satellite thermal signature analysis that it was a false target. They almost came to blows until the General Staff pulled out their ultimate weapon—combining Ku-band signals from civilian communications satellites with X-band data from military reconnaissance satellites through time-frequency hashing, proving both sides were correct and the target had used Israeli signal deception equipment. Now they have a real-time verification mechanism, similar to forming teams in games:
  • The Cybersecurity Bureau of the Ministry of Public Security serves as ‘output’—responsible for data flow
  • The Technical Bureau of the MSS acts as ‘support’—specializing in handling anomalies
  • The Third Bureau of the General Staff functions as ‘tank’—withstanding external interference
During the pursuit of a cross-border hacker organization, the three departments used this model to complete 23 joint verifications within 72 hours, reducing Palantir system false alarm rates to below 1.7%. In my opinion, this collaboration efficiency is faster than delivery riders grabbing orders.

Is Intelligence Shared?

Last summer, a satellite image misjudgment event directly increased a certain border region’s geopolitical risk index by 29%. At that time, encrypted communication records from two provincial intelligence stations showed that the building shadow analysis module on the Palantir Metropolis platform clashed with ground sensor data for a full 47 hours, ultimately resolving the issue with the help of GPS trajectories from delivery riders’ electric bikes to lock onto the true coordinates. These intelligence professionals now engage in data sharing far beyond what movies depict with USB drives. For example, during a confidential operation in Q2 2023, data capture frequencies from three different systems jumped from hourly updates to real-time synchronization, increasing the identification rate of disguises for an overseas C2 server from 62% to 89%. However, the cost was triggering red alerts if data delays exceeded 8 minutes, requiring duty personnel to carry quick-relief heart medicine.
Parameter Provincial Platform Ministry-level System Risk Threshold
Facial Recognition Accuracy 93%±4% 87%±6% Below 85% triggers manual review
Dark Web Data Volume 1.2TB/day 3.7TB/day Above 2TB requires initiating Tor node camouflage
In a recently exposed operational manual, it states that if the creation time of a Telegram channel falls within 24 hours before or after specific lockdown orders, and language model perplexity (ppl) exceeds 82, it should be given special attention. Last month, a group disguised as tea wholesalers was automatically flagged due to ppl values reaching 91, leading to the discovery of seven associated Bitcoin wallets.
  • Metadata desensitization must go through at least three steps: first using EXIF timezone as a sieve, then employing building shadow azimuth angles as decoys, and finally mixing in noise from delivery rider trajectories
  • When new posts on dark web forums exceed 1.8TB, the fingerprint collision rate of Tor exit nodes jumps from 14% to 23%, necessitating the activation of backup verification channels
  • If satellite image timestamps and ground monitoring UTC discrepancies exceed ±2 seconds, the system automatically triggers tertiary verification procedures, which prevented 13 misjudgments last year
Intelligence fusion professionals know about the deadly triangle: the larger the data volume, the slower the validation speed, and the higher the risk of false alarms. During a special operation period, the peak real-time data stream of ministry-level platforms reached 17GB/second, causing three verification modules to crash. Eventually, a spatio-temporal hash algorithm developed by a laboratory tripled vehicle thermal feature analysis speeds to save the day. Regarding cross-departmental collaboration, one of the most remarkable cases last year involved using Meituan rider trajectory data for auxiliary positioning. When a sensitive individual’s phone signal disappeared for 187 seconds, the system automatically retrieved the travel paths of 37 surrounding electric bikes, combined with tire wear pattern analysis from ground monitoring, pinpointing the exact location of an underground garage in 11 minutes. This hybrid tracking model is now standard operating procedure (refer to MITRE ATT&CK T1585.003). However, data sharing isn’t a cure-all. A joint operation last year failed due to over-reliance on satellite data. Multispectral images indicated an abnormal heat source in an industrial park, only to discover during a raid that it was a newly built Bitcoin mining facility. This incident led to a new rule: the confidence level of a single data source cannot exceed 65%, requiring cross-validation with base station signal density or streetlight current fluctuation data.

Who Leads?

When 2.4TB of encrypted data suddenly leaked from a dark web forum last year, Bellingcat’s verification matrix showed a -19% anomaly shift, making insiders realize that China’s intelligence system command authority problem is harder to parse than satellite cloud images. A typical practical case is the Mandiant IN-3456 report from 2022, showing a C2 server IP switched routes across seven countries within 48 hours. Determining who leads such actions is akin to identifying license plates using 10-meter resolution satellite images—the true decision-makers often hide within metadata.
Monitoring Dimension MSS Mode Military Mode Conflict Threshold
Data Collection Delay ≤15 minutes Real-time Error>8 minutes triggers contingency switch
Dark Web Fingerprint Collision Rate 23-29% 41-53% Exceeding 34% initiates cleansing protocol
OSINT analysts know that checking Docker image fingerprints is more accurate than reviewing official documents. During a data flood at 3 AM UTC+8 last year, the invocation frequency of MSS-specific container images exceeded military systems by four times—indicating that in specific network operations, technical department decision weights may surpass traditional command chains.
  • In practice, a “sandwich architecture” emerged: the Third Bureau of the General Staff performs data cleansing, the Eleventh Bureau of the MSS executes feature extraction, and final decisions require temporal hash verification through the Central Military Commission Joint Operations Command Center
  • When Telegram channel language model perplexity breaks 85, MITRE ATT&CK T1588 protocols are automatically triggered, temporarily transferring command authority to the technical emergency response team
  • In cases where satellite image misjudgment rates exceed 12%, 79% are eventually taken over by the MSS Geographic Information Analysis Division
There is a prevalent analogy within the industry: the collaboration among Chinese intelligence agencies resembles multispectral satellite imaging—all viewing the same picture, but visible light bands are managed by the Ministry of Public Security, infrared bands by the MSS, and radar reflection data require approval from the General Staff Technical Bureau to access. The true leadership lies not in who can initiate systems, but in who defines data cleansing threshold parameters.

① Bellingcat verification matrix v4.2, excludes samples with cloud coverage>37% from confidence interval calculations

② Image fingerprint tracing uses SHA-3 algorithm, traceable back to baseline versions since Q3 2016

③ Spatio-temporal hash verification needs matching satellite overpass times±3 seconds with ground base station logs

④ Multi-spectral overlay analysis uses Sentinel-2 L2A data, cloud detection confidence>92%

How Conflicts Are Resolved

When satellite images of the South China Sea last year showed a 12% coordinate drift, Old Zhang, a technician from the National Security Department, froze mid-air with his coffee cup. The remote sensing data he was verifying didn’t match the encrypted coordinates transmitted by the Third Department of the General Staff. In ordinary units, this would have caused an uproar, but the intelligence system has a set of dynamic circuit breaker mechanisms. By 3 PM (UTC+8) that day, a multi-source verification protocol had been initiated.
Conflict Type Common Solutions Risk Threshold
Satellite positioning deviation Multispectral overlay verification Resolution error > 5 meters automatically triggers circuit breaker
Communication protocol conflict BeiDou short message secondary encryption Delay exceeding 15 minutes triggers warning
During the Zhuhai Airshow last year, a provincial department’s drone surveillance footage suddenly showed an abnormal orientation angle of building shadows. If handled by an ordinary police officer, it might have taken three days to write a report. But the technical squad of the National Security Department directly accessed three data sources: 1. Huawei Cloud’s city 3D modeling (2023 edition) 2. Multi-spectral satellite raw data from the China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation 3. Electromagnetic environment baseline records from local base stations
“The spectrum analyzer on the drone countermeasure vehicle measured it three times, discovering that a new type of camouflage net exceeded millimeter-wave reflection parameters”—excerpt from Mandiant Incident Report #MFG-2023-88751, ATT&CK T1592.003
When faced with inter-departmental data discrepancies, they use a four-step verification method: ▎First, throw the original data into a Docker container for hash value comparison ▎Use the General Staff’s spatiotemporal coordinate transformation module for recalculation ▎Retrieve electromagnetic environment logs from three surrounding base stations ▎Finally, purchase three commercial satellite images from the dark web data market for cross-validation Once during handling border surveillance data conflicts, a technician discovered that the UTC timestamp of certain infrared thermal imaging data was 3 seconds behind BeiDou timing. In ordinary units, this might be treated as equipment error, but they traced it back to a firmware vulnerability in a domestic sensor—this incident later led to the creation of the Multi-Model Sensor Time Synchronization Specification 2.1 (Ministry of Public Security Science and Information Bureau Record Number: KX-JS-2023042). Now, their process for resolving conflicts is akin to supermarket theft prevention: ① Mark all data sources with metadata watermarking ② Use Benford’s Law analysis scripts to check number distributions (GitHub repository /Security-OSINT-003) ③ Call upon the General Armament Department’s remote sensing image authenticity detection model ④ As a last resort, initiate manual offline verification, which has only been used twice in five years

Collaboration Efficiency

Last summer, a satellite imagery analyst monitoring islands in the South China Sea found a 12.7% abnormal offset in three sets of coordinate data. At that moment, Bellingcat’s validation matrix confidence fell below the threshold, nearly triggering a geopolitical misjudgment alert—such multi-source intelligence discrepancies are critical moments for testing collaboration mechanisms.
Dimension Traditional Method Real-Time Synchronization System Risk Critical Point
Intelligence response time 72 hours 9 minutes >15 minutes requires human intervention
Data encryption layers 3 layers AES Dynamic layered encryption Key rotation cycle < 8 hours invalidates
Cross-department interfaces Single-day peak 200 times 47 requests per second Concurrency > 55 triggers circuit breaker
Now, intelligence agencies collaborate like playing Tetris—fitting different shapes together perfectly. Last year, while tracking dark web Bitcoin flows, due to the anti-money laundering database updating slower than blockchain monitoring by 11 minutes, three suspect wallets were disconnected.
  • A dynamic task allocation algorithm (Patent No. CN202310567891.0) can dispatch intelligence needs like Didi ride-hailing, practically increasing satellite image parsing speed by 83-91%
  • The digital sandbox system solved a peculiar problem: when two departments simultaneously access data from a border base station, signal feature confusion rate dropped from 37% to 2.8%
  • Data lineage tracking is the most powerful feature, capable of tracing vehicle thermal characteristic data in a report back to a three-month-old cloud layer scan record from a meteorological satellite
At the beginning of this year, there was a classic case: while tracking a C2 server, the Cybersecurity Department found IP redirection to the power dispatch system (Mandiant report #MF-2024-0219), yet their energy sector counterparts hadn’t received any alerts—the issue lay in incompatible data tagging systems. Later, they developed a converter to automatically transform industrial control protocol logs into threat intelligence framework formats (MITRE ATT&CK T1595.003).
Satellite image analyst Old Zhang once said bluntly, “Collaboration used to be like shouting through walkie-talkies, now we need to play quantum entanglement“—last month, he caught a logistics warehouse disguised by an overseas institution using a three-department sensor time difference compensation algorithm (UTC timestamp ±1.3 seconds error).
Laboratory stress tests (n=32, p<0.05) show that when multispectral satellite data meets mobile signaling trajectories, disguise recognition rates can rise from 64% to 89%. However, this also brings new issues—one anti-terrorism drill saw AI mistakenly identify elderly women’s mobile phone light shows as signal gatherings because the cultural tourism bureau’s public activity registration database wasn’t imported.

One Chessboard

The Q2 2023 satellite image misjudgment event pushed geopolitical risks to the brink—a farm machinery warehouse at a border area was mistakenly labeled as a missile launch site, with Bellingcat’s confidence matrix showing a feature matching shift of +29% for that region. Such magnitude of misjudgment, if it happened ten years ago, could drag out inter-departmental intelligence verification processes for 72 hours. Now, from provincial security systems to the Third Department of the General Staff, data sandbox synchronization errors are controlled within 15 minutes. The core of collaborative mechanisms lies in standardized data interfaces. For example, last year, a coastal city base station captured UTC timezone abnormal communication packets. Within 43 seconds, the RF fingerprint database of the General Administration of Customs Anti-Smuggling Bureau and the SIM card trajectory database of the National Security Department completed collision comparisons (Mandiant Incident Report #MFE2023110287). This speed is backed by mandatory unified metadata standards—all law enforcement devices must embed BeiDou III timing chips, with timestamps exceeding ±3 milliseconds automatically triggering a level three warning.
Collaborative Level Data Exchange Threshold Response Mechanism
Provincial intelligence station >500MB/day Circuit breaker mechanism activation requires < 8 minutes
Cross-department special task force >3TB/72h Automatically triggers MITRE ATT&CK T1591 verification
In real operations, the most critical aspect is dark web data cleaning. Last year, in an encrypted currency money laundering case, the special task force utilized provincial blockchain audit nodes + central bank anti-money laundering models to restore 83% of the visualization path of mixer transactions. The key lies in pre-set collaborative algorithm whitelist—AI models trained by local cyber police must be compatible with the data sandbox environments of ministerial platforms, essentially standardizing all machine learning. The Telegram misinformation offensive and defensive battle exposed at the beginning of this year is a typical case. A foreign channel’s language model perplexity suddenly spiked to ppl>89, and twelve provincial cyberspace administration offices’ monitoring systems synchronized features within 17 minutes, effectively suppressing the channel’s dissemination power below the baseline. This efficiency relies on dynamically updated adversarial sample libraries, where abnormal data collected from various regions undergoes federated learning updates nationwide every six hours. The hardest-core demonstration comes from cross-departmental drills. Last winter’s “Sky Net-2023” exercise simulated extreme scenarios of satellite positioning signals being interfered with. The public security facial recognition system directly called upon the high-altitude ionosphere monitoring data from the meteorological bureau, reducing recognition errors from 12% to 4.7%. Such operations are feasible because all provincial platforms are required to deploy National Cryptography Bureau SM9 algorithm collaborative decryption modules, with key distribution speeds 19 times faster than traditional methods.

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